
Rjpadwokaci
Add a review FollowOverview
-
Founded Date October 3, 2008
-
Sectors Corporate
-
Posted Jobs 0
-
Viewed 5
Company Description
Artificial Intelligence Industry In China
The synthetic intelligence market in individuals’s Republic of China is a quickly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI development started in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms stressing science and innovation as the nation’s main productive force.
The initial phases of China’s AI development were sluggish and experienced substantial difficulties due to lack of resources and skill. At the starting China lagged many Western nations in regards to AI development. A bulk of the research was led by researchers who had actually received college abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the government of the People’s Republic of China has gradually developed a national agenda for expert system development and became one of the leading nations in synthetic intelligence research study and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) released its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it intended to become a global AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of “nationwide AI groups” consisting of fifteen China-based business, including Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each business should lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial acknowledgment, software/hardware, and speech acknowledgment. China’s rapid AI development has considerably impacted Chinese society in lots of areas, consisting of the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, lodging and food services, and production are the top industries that would be the most impacted by additional AI deployment.
The economic sector, university laboratories, and the military are working collaboratively in lots of elements as there are few present existing borders. [4] In 2021, China released the Data Security Law of individuals’s Republic of China, its very first national law addressing AI-related ethical concerns. In October 2022, the United States federal government revealed a series of export controls and trade restrictions intended to limit China’s access to innovative computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have been raised about the results of the Chinese government’s censorship regime on the advancement of generative artificial intelligence and skill acquisition with state of the nation’s demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research study and development of synthetic intelligence in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and innovation for China’s financial development. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Artificial intelligence research study and advancement did not start up until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research study between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars think this is because of the impact of cybernetics from the Soviet Union in spite of the Sino-Soviet split throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese researchers launched AI research led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China’s society still had an usually conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI advancement in China was hard so China’s government approached these difficulties by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and more supplying federal government funds for research study tasks. The Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAAI) was established in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The very first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who received a PhD in approach from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s very first research publication on artificial intelligence was released by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, wise automation and intelligence have belonged to China’s nationwide innovation strategy. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese federal government has actually further expanded its research study and development funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research study projects has dramatically increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy top priority for the development of artificial intelligence, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the same year, synthetic intelligence was also discussed in the l lth five-year strategy. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) developed a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At exact same year, the Wu Wenjun Expert System Science and Technology Award was established in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of synthetic intelligence. The very first award event was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Expert System (IJCAI) was held in Beijing, marking the first time the conference was kept in China. This occasion accompanied the Chinese government’s announcement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a significant turning point in China’s development of artificial intelligence. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China provided “A Next Generation Expert System Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council prompted governing bodies in China to promote the advancement of expert system. Specifically, the plan explained AI as a strategic technology that has become a “focus of international competitors”. [14]:2 The file advised considerable financial investment in a variety of strategic locations connected to AI and required close cooperation between the state and personal sectors. On the celebration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the first plenary conference of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” between financial and military ends is a vital element to being a terrific power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”synthetic intelligence plus” was proposed to be raised to a strategic level. [16] The very same year saw the emergence of several application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research lab in Nanjing, and presented their first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation required]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, launched its first artificial intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council budgeted $2.1 billion for an AI industrial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to achieve this the State Council stated the need for massive talent acquisition, theoretical and useful developments, along with public and private investments. [14] Some of the mentioned inspirations that the State Council offered for pursuing its AI technique include the potential of expert system for commercial improvement, much better social governance and preserving social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI business throughout foundational, technical, and application layers, with associated markets valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of artificial intelligence broadened to different fields such as quantum physics, location, and medical research study. With the emergence of big language models (LLMs), at the start of 2020, Chinese researchers started establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large model called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]
The Beijing Academy of Expert system introduced China’s first big scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Infotech, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly released the policies concerning deepfakes, which ended up being efficient in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei launched its variation 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposition on fundamental generative AI services safety requirements, including specs for information collection and design training was issued in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Neighborhood of Common Destiny and intends to develop AI policy discussion with establishing countries. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has actually expressed concern over AI safety dangers, consisting of abuse of information or making use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda project of the Ministry of Public Security, began utilizing news anchors produced with generative expert system to provide fake news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang introduced the AI+ Initiative, which means to integrate AI into China’s genuine economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it rolled out a large language model trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s largest LLM market show 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in revenue over the last year. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd largest. The 4th and fifth biggest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong noted AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by investors as China’s new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI designs had been authorized by the Chinese government. [33]
Since 2024, many Chinese innovation firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have introduced AI video-generation tools to rival OpenAI’s Sora. [34]
Chronology of major AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Infotech; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Government goals
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a Brand-new American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – thinks that being at the leading edge of AI technology will be vital to the future of worldwide military and financial power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council intends for China to make fundamental contributions to basic AI theory and to solidify its location as a global leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council aims for AI to end up being “the main driving force for China’s industrial updating and economic change” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the global leader in the development of expert system theory and innovation. The State Council declares that China will have established a “mature new-generation AI theory and innovation system.” [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government “looks for to blend state planning and control while some operational flexibility for companies. In this context, China’s AI firms are hybrid gamers. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competitors through domestic market securities, developing asymmetric benefits as they broaden offshore.” [36]
The CCP’s fourteenth five-year strategy declared AI as a top research priority and ranks AI first among “frontier industries” that the Chinese government aims to focus on through 2035. [3] The AI market is a tactical sector typically supported by China’s government guidance funds. [37]:167
Research and advancement
Chinese public AI funding primarily focused on innovative and applied research. [38] The federal government funding likewise supported multiple AI R&D in the economic sector through equity capital that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic company research revealed that, while China is enormously investing in all aspects of AI development, facial recognition, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing lorries are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. [39]
According to nationwide guidance on developing China’s state-of-the-art industrial advancement zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as a speculative development zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in experimental areas. However, the focus of AI R&D differed depending on cities and local commercial development and community. For circumstances, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong manufacturing market, heavily concentrates on automation and AI infrastructure while Wuhan focuses more on AI implementations and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech companies, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI laboratories. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese groups won the top prize at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a global competition for computer vision systems. [41] Much of these systems are now being incorporated into China’s domestic surveillance network. [42]
Interdisciplinary partnerships play an important function in China’s AI R&D, including academic-corporate cooperation, public-private collaborations, and international partnerships and tasks with corporate-government collaborations are the most common. [1] China ranked in the leading 3 around the world following the United States and the European Union for the overall number of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration in between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China surpassed the U.S. in 2020 in the overall number of global AI-related journal citations. [43] In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are primarily sponsored by the government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the world’s biggest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]
Since 2023, 47% of the world’s leading AI scientists had finished their undergraduate research studies in China. [28]:101
According to scholastic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese government has been proactive in managing AI services and enforcing commitments on AI companies, the general approach to its regulation is loose and demonstrates a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI market. [28]:96 In July 2024, the government opened its very first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China’s big population generates an enormous quantity of available data for companies and scientists, which provides an essential advantage in the race of big data. As of 2024 [update], China has the world’s biggest number of web users, creating big quantities of information for artificial intelligence and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial recognition
Facial recognition is among the most widely employed AI applications in China. Collecting these big quantities of information from its homeowners helps more train and expand AI capabilities. China’s market is not only favorable and valuable for corporations to further AI R&D but likewise uses tremendous financial possible attracting both international and domestic companies to join the AI market. The extreme advancement of the info and communication technology (ICT) market and AI chipsets in current years are two examples of this. [47] China has actually ended up being the world’s biggest exporter of facial recognition innovation, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and content controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) released draft procedures mentioning that tech business will be obliged to guarantee AI-generated material supports the ideology of the CCP consisting of Core Socialist Values, prevents discrimination, respects copyright rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft measures, companies bear legal responsibility for training data and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced material might not “incite subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system.” [51] Before launching a large language model to the public, companies need to look for approval from the CAC to license that the design declines to answer certain concerns associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions related to politically delicate topics such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or contrasts between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh need to be decreased. [52]
In 2023, in-country gain access to was blocked to Hugging Face, a business that maintains libraries consisting of training information sets typically utilized for big language models. [8] A subsidiary of the People’s Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, supplies local companies with training information that CCP leaders consider allowable. [8] In 2024, individuals’s Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has actually cautioned that the Chinese federal government utilizes generative expert system to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking conversations on divisive political concerns. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese synthetic intelligence design DeepSeek has actually been reported to decline to respond to questions connecting to things about the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, contrasts in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic effect
Most firms [who?] hold positive views about AI’s financial impact on China’s long-term financial development. In the past, traditional industries in China have struggled with the increase in labor expenses due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the implementation of AI, operational expenses are expected to reduce while an increase in effectiveness creates revenue growth. [60] Some highlight the importance of a clear policy and governmental support in order to get rid of adoption barriers including costs and absence of properly trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees might be the most adversely affected by China’s AI development since of increasing demands for laborers with advanced abilities. [61] Furthermore, China’s economic growth may be disproportionately divided as a bulk of AI-related commercial development is concentrated in seaside regions rather than inland. [61]
A prominent decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated content is entitled to copyright protection. [28]:98
Military impact
China looks for to develop a “world-class” military by “intelligentization” with a particular concentrate on using unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is researching different kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea self-governing vehicles. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial lorries at an airshow. A media report launched later on revealed a computer system simulation of a comparable swarm formation finding and damaging a missile launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications suggested that China is also developing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese development of military AI is mostly influenced by China’s observation of U.S. plans for defense innovation and fears of a broadening “generational gap” in comparison to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military principles, China aims to use AI for exploiting big chests of intelligence, generating a typical operating image, and accelerating battleground decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China’s reaction to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy, which looks for to integrate sensing units and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have been determined: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software application, automated cyber defense software application, automated cyberattack software application, decision assistance, software, automated rocket launch software, and cognitive electronic warfare software application. [67]
China’s management of its AI environment contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, couple of boundaries exist in between Chinese business business, university research study labs, the military, and the central government. As an outcome, the Chinese government has a direct methods of directing AI advancement priorities and accessing technology that was seemingly developed for civilian functions. To further reinforce these ties the Chinese government produced a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is planned to speed the transfer of AI innovation from business business and research study institutions to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to data collection and lower costs of data identifying to create the large databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one price quote, China is on track to possess 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the possible to have more than 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China’s centrally directed effort is investing in the U.S. AI market, in business working on militarily appropriate AI applications, potentially giving it lawful access to U.S. innovation and copyright. [69] Chinese equity capital investment in U.S. AI business between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an estimated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration released an executive order to avoid foreign financial investments, “particularly those from rival or adversarial nations,” from investing in U.S. technology companies, due to U.S. nationwide security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. technologies in which Chinese government has been investing, consisting of “microelectronics, synthetic intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] sophisticated tidy energy.” [71] [72]
In 2024, researchers from individuals’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have actually developed a military tool utilizing Llama, which Meta Platforms stated was unauthorized due to its design usage restriction for military purposes. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the first scholastic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to embrace AI as a discipline, especially considering that China deals with challenges in recruiting and retaining AI engineers and researchers. [21] Over half of the data researchers in the United States have been operating in the field for over 10 years, while roughly the very same proportion of data scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused professionals and research study items. [61]:8 Although China surpassed the United States in the variety of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published documents, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. [75] China specifically desire to attend to military applications therefore the Beijing Institute of Technology, among China’s premier institutes for weapons research, just recently developed the first kids’s educational program in military AI on the planet. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database maintained by an American thinktank, the portion increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical issues
For the previous years, there are discussions about AI security and ethical concerns in both personal and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology published the first nationwide ethical guideline, ‘the New Generation of Expert System Ethics Code’ on the subject of AI with specific focus on user defense, data privacy, and security. [78] This document acknowledges the power of AI and quick technology adaptation by the big corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that human beings shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the Beijing AI concepts calling for important requirements in long-term research and preparation of AI ethical concepts. [79]
Data security has been the most typical topic in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and numerous nationwide federal governments have established legislation dealing with information privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to deal with new obstacles raised by AI advancement. [80] [initial research?] In 2021, China’s new Data Security Law (DSL) was passed by the PRC congress, setting up a regulative structure classifying all type of data collection and storage in China. [81] This implies all tech companies in China are required to classify their data into classifications listed in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow particular guidelines on how to govern and deal with information transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou developed a pilot program synthetic intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes connected to ecommerce and internet-related intellectual property claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court via videoconference and AI assesses the evidence provided and uses pertinent legal requirements. [82]:124
Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low penalties have been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are issues about whether AI based on fragmented judicial data can reach unbiased choices. [83] Zhang Linghan, teacher of law at the China University of Political Science and Law, writes that AI-technology business may wear down judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing party leadership, political oversight, and reducing the discretionary area of judges are deliberate goals of SCR [wise court reform]” [85]
Leading companies
Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually gotten attention for facial acknowledgment, sound recognition and drone innovations. [87]
China’s government takes a market-oriented technique to AI, and has sought to motivate private tech companies in establishing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champions”. [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language model Hunyuan for business usage on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI start-ups consist of Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were applauded by financiers as China’s new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually likewise been promoted as a leading start-up. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s dedication to global AI management and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in development which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of embarrassment. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally ingrained reasons for China’s stress and anxiety towards securing an international technological dominance – China missed out on both industrial transformations, the one beginning in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that came from in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s federal government desires to take benefit of the technological transformation in today’s world led by digital innovation consisting of AI to resume China’s “rightful” place and to pursue the nationwide restoration proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
A post published by the Center for a New American Security concluded that “Chinese government officials showed incredibly eager understanding of the concerns surrounding AI and worldwide security. This includes knowledge of the U.S. AI policy discussions,” and advised that “the U.S. policymaking neighborhood to likewise prioritize cultivating competence and understanding of AI advancements in China” and “financing, focus, and a desire among U.S. policymakers to drive massive necessary modification.” [35] A short article in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: “China might have unparalleled resources and massive untapped potential, but the West has world-leading expertise and a strong research culture. Instead of worry about China’s progress, it would be wise for Western nations to concentrate on their existing strengths, investing heavily in research study and education. ” [91]
The Chinese federal government’s censorship routine has actually stunted the advancement of generative artificial intelligence [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations composed that the development of AI develops obstacles for holistic nationwide security, including the threats that AI will heighten social stress or have destabilizing effects on international relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics including Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong contend that capitalist application of AI will result in higher oppression of employees and more severe social issues. [28]:90 Gao points out how the development of AI has increased the power of platform business like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, leading to higher capital build-up and political power in fewer financial actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state must be the main accountable star in the area of generative AI (producing new content like music or video). [28]:92 Gao composes that military usage of AI risks escalating military competition in between nations which the impact of AI in military matters will not be limited to one country but will have spillover effects. [28]:91
Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI experts about the existential threat from artificial intelligence have actually happened. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is normally positive regarding AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study conducted across 28 countries discovered that 78% of the Chinese public believes the advantages of AI surpass the threats, the greatest of any country in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university trainees found that 80% agreed or highly concurred that AI will do more excellent than damage for society, and 31% believed it needs to be managed by the government. [93]
Human rights
The widely used AI facial recognition has raised issues. [94] According to The New York City Times, deployment of AI facial recognition innovation in the Xinjiang region to spot Uyghurs is “the first recognized example of a government purposefully using expert system for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “one of the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have found that in China, areas experiencing greater rates of discontent are connected with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment technology, especially by regional community authorities departments. [97] [98]
Artificial intelligence.
Expert system arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer
List of expert system business
Regulation of artificial intelligence
References
^ a b Chang, Huey-Meei; Hannas, William C. (2022-06-22), “Foreign assistance, alliances, and technology transfer”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 36-54, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-4, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c He, Yujia (2017 ). How China is preparing for an AI-powered Future (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b c d e Luong, Ngor; Fedasiuk, Ryan (2022-06-22), “State strategies, research study, and financing”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 3-18, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-2, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ a b c d e f g Kania, Elsa B. (November 28, 2017). Battlefield Singularity: Expert System, Military Revolution, and China’s Future Military Power. Washington D.C: Center for a Brand-new American Security. OCLC 1029611044. Archived from the initial on January 14, 2024. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Allen, Gregory (11 October 2022). “Choking off China’s Access to the Future of AI”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the initial on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
^ Allen, Gregory C.; Benson, Emily (2023-03-01). “Clues to the U.S.-Dutch-Japanese Semiconductor Export Controls Deal Are Hiding in Plain Sight”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
^ a b Zhang, Daqiu; Lin, Yujie (2024-07-02). “生成中国式AI : 审查之外 , 科技公司的烦恼清单” [Building a Chinese AI: Beyond censorship, tech companies’ list of concerns] Initium Media (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the initial on 2024-07-11. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
^ a b c d e Lin, Liza (July 15, 2024). “China Puts Power of State Behind AI-and Risks Strangling It”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the initial on July 16, 2024. Retrieved July 16, 2024.
^ a b c d 蔡自兴 (13 August 2016). “中国人工智能40 年”. 科技导报 (in Chinese). 34 (15 ): 12-32. doi:10.3981/ j.issn.1000-7857.2016.15.001 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 1000-7857. Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-02-07. mention journal: CS1 maint: DOI non-active since November 2024 (link).
^ “Introduction to the Chinese Association of Artificial Intelligence”. 中国人工智能学会.
^ Liu, Wei (2023 ), Liu, Wei (ed.), “From Adjustment to Innovation: How China’s Economic Structure Has Been Upgraded”, China’s 40 Years of Reform, Understanding China, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 11-33, doi:10.1007/ 978-981-19-8505-8_2, ISBN 978-981-19-8504-1.
^ a b “人民网 世界人工智能国际联合大会今秋将首次在中国举行– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “科学网-首届吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖颁奖”. news.sciencenet.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b c d e “State Council Notice on the Issuance of the Next Generation Expert System Development Plan” (PDF). New America. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 13, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
^ Laskai, Lorand (29 January 2018). “Civil-Military Fusion: The Missing Link Between China’s Technological and Military Rise”. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the initial on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
^ “中国科学报” 人工智能+” 应上升为国家战略– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the initial on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “人民网 强强联合建医疗” 阿尔法狗” 人工智能将问诊肿瘤– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ a b Milmo, Dan; Hawkins, Amy (2024-05-18). “How China is using AI news anchors to deliver its propaganda”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Kuo, Lily (2018-11-09). “World’s first AI news anchor unveiled in China”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ Steger, Isabella (2019-02-20). “Chinese state media’s latest innovation is an AI female news anchor”. Quartz. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
^ a b Cyranoski, David (January 17, 2018). “China gets in the fight for AI skill”. Nature. 553 (7688 ): 260-261. Bibcode:2018 Natur.553..260 C. doi:10.1038/ d41586-018-00604-6. PMID 29345655.
^ Liu, Zhiyi; Zheng, Yejie (2022-04-03). “Development paradigm of synthetic intelligence in China from the point of view of digital economics”. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies. 20 (2 ): 207-217. doi:10.1080/ 14765284.2022.2081485. ISSN 1476-5284. S2CID 249301337.
^ “自动化所研发出跨模态通用人工智能平台” 紫东太初”– 中国科学院”. www.cas.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-05-04. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
^ “Beijing-funded AI language model tops Google and OpenAI in raw numbers”. South China Morning Post. 2021-06-02. Archived from the original on 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024 ). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
^ Zhang, Laney (April 26, 2023). “China: Provisions on Deep Synthesis Technology Participate In Effect”. Law Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 2024-08-16. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
^ “Huawei reveals Arabic LLM, new information centre in Egypt as part of generative AI push”. South China Morning Post. 2024-05-21. from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bachulska, Alicja; Leonard, Mark; Oertel, Janka (2 July 2024). The Idea of China: Chinese Thinkers on Power, Progress, and People (EPUB). Berlin, Germany: European Council on Foreign Relations. ISBN 978-1-916682-42-9. Archived from the initial on 17 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
^ Bandurski, David (2024-12-20). “AI for All”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2024-12-20. Retrieved 2024-12-22.
^ Zhuang, Sylvie (21 May 2024). “China presents big language model AI based upon Xi Jinping Thought”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
^ “Baidu, SenseTime lead China’s market for business-focused LLMs, states IDC”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-22. Archived from the initial on 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b “China’s 4 brand-new ‘AI tigers’ become investor favourites”. South China Morning Post. 2024-04-19. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “China’s AI startups race for customers as titans like Alibaba cut rates”. Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ “Chinese AI companies fight to stand out from rivals in text-to-video market”. South China Morning Post. 2024-08-08. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
^ a b Allen, Gregory C. (2019 ). Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security (Report). Center for a Brand-new American Security. JSTOR resrep20446. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
^ Sutter, Karen M. ; Arnold, Zachary (2022-06-22), “China’s AI companies: Hybrid gamers”, Chinese Power and Expert System (1 ed.), London: Routledge, pp. 19-35, doi:10.4324/ 9781003212980-3, ISBN 978-1-003-21298-0
^ Lan, Xiaohuan (2024 ). How China Works: An Introduction to China’s State-led Economic Development. Translated by Topp, Gary. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/ 978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0.
^ a b Ashwin Acharya; Zachary Arnold (December 2019). “Chinese Public AI R&D Spending: Provisional Findings”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20190031. S2CID 242961679. Archived from the initial on 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
^ Larson, Christina (8 February 2018). China’s enormous investment in artificial intelligence has an insidious disadvantage (Report). Science. doi:10.1126/ science.aat2458.
^ a b 21世纪经济报道 (2021-07-10). “解码人工智能” 国家队””. finance.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2023-04-09. Retrieved 2024-02-16. point out web: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link).
^ Tilley, Aaron. “China’s Rise In The Global AI Race Becomes It Takes Over The Final ImageNet Competition”. Forbes. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “Beijing to Judge Every Resident Based on Behavior by End of 2020”. Bloomberg News. Archived from the initial on 2020-05-16.
^ a b Zhang, Daniel; Mishra, Saurabh; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Etchemendy, John; Ganguli, Deep; Grosz, Barbara; Lyons, Terah; Manyika, James; Niebles, Juan Carlos (2021-03-08), The AI Index 2021 Annual Report, arXiv:2103.06312.
^ Heikkilä, Melissa (June 9, 2021). “Meet Wu Dao 2.0, the Chinese AI model making the West sweat”. Politico. Archived from the original on April 7, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
^ Ho, C. (October 15, 2024). “PRC Launches First Algorithm Registration Center, Strengthening AI and Data Regulation”. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
^ Li, David Daokui (2024 ). China’s World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York City, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398.
^ Li, Daitian; Tong, Tony W.; Xiao, Yangao (2021-02-18). “Is China Emerging as the Global Leader in AI?”. Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Knight, Will (January 24, 2023). “China Is the World’s Biggest Face Recognition Dealer”. Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-25. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Bandurski, David (April 14, 2023). “Bringing AI to the Party”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved April 15, 2023.
^ Liu, Qianer (2023-07-11). “China to put down AI rules with emphasis on material control”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
^ “China is supporting the excellent firewall program for the AI age”. The Economist. December 26, 2023. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the initial on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
^ a b McMorrow, Ryan; Hu, Tina (July 17, 2024). “China releases censors to produce socialist AI”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
^ Colville, Alex (2024-11-27). “The Party in the Machine”. China Media Project. Archived from the original on 2024-12-02. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
^ Lyngaas, Sean (2023-09-07). “Suspected Chinese operatives using AI created images to spread out disinformation amongst US citizens, Microsoft says”. CNN. Archived from the original on 2024-04-02. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Milmo, Dan (2024-04-05). “China will use AI to interfere with elections in the US, South Korea and India, Microsoft cautions”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
^ Farrell, James (April 5, 2024). “China Eying Election Disruption Campaigns-Including With AI, Microsoft Says”. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 8, 2024. Retrieved April 8, 2024.
^ Field, Matthew; Titcomb, James (27 January 2025). “Chinese AI has actually triggered a $1 trillion panic – and it does not appreciate complimentary speech”. The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Steinschaden, Jakob (27 January 2025). “DeepSeek: This is what live censorship appears like in the Chinese AI chatbot”. Trending Topics. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
^ Lu, Donna (28 January 2025). “We tried DeepSeek. It worked well, until we asked it about Tiananmen Square and Taiwan”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
^ “How China Is Using AI to Fuel the Next Industrial Revolution”. Time. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-05. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b c d “Expert system: Implications for China”. McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on 2024-02-04. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
^ Bresnick, Sam (June 2024). “China’s Military AI Roadblocks”. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20230042 (non-active 1 November 2024). Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-06-18. cite web: CS1 maint: DOI inactive since November 2024 (link).
^ Takagi, Koichiro (November 16, 2022). “Xi Jinping’s Vision for Artificial Intelligence in the PLA”. The Diplomat. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ a b c d Artificial Intelligence and National Security (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-05-08. Retrieved 2020-04-30. This short article includes text from this source, which is in the general public domain.
^ Magnuson, Stew (July 13, 2023). “China Pursues Its Own Version of JADC2”. National Defense. Archived from the initial on February 18, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ “China Military Power Report Examines Changes in Beijing’s Strategy”. U.S. Department of Defense. November 29, 2022. Archived from the initial on May 25, 2024. Retrieved February 17, 2024.
^ Fedasiuk, Ryan (August 2020). Chinese Perspectives on AI and Future Military Capabilities (Report). Center for Security and Emerging Technology. doi:10.51593/ 20200022.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening中国 人工智能 的崛起”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 2020-05-13. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Mozur, Paul; Markoff, John (2017-05-27). “Is China Outsmarting America in A.I.?”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ Brown, Michael; Singh, Pavneet (2018 ). China’s Technology Transfer Strategy: How Chinese Investments in Emerging Technology Enable A Strategic Competitor to Access the Crown Jewels of U.S. Innovation (PDF). Defense Innovation Unit Experimental. p. 29. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b Kan, Michael (September 15, 2022). “Biden Curbs China’s Investment in US Tech Firms With New Executive Order”. PC Magazine. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024. Retrieved February 19, 2024.
^ a b Sanger, David E. (2022-09-15). “Biden Issues New Order to Block Chinese Investment in Technology in the U.S.” The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-20. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
^ Cheung, Sunny (October 31, 2024). “PRC Adapts Meta’s Llama for Military and Security AI Applications”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the initial on 2024-11-02. Retrieved 2024-11-03.
^ Pomfret, James; Pang, Jessie (November 1, 2024). “Chinese scientists develop AI model for military use on back of Meta’s Llama”. Reuters. Retrieved November 1, 2024.
^ “Which nations and universities are leading on AI research?”. Times Higher Education. 2017-05-22. Archived from the initial on 2020-03-02. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ “China’s brightest kids recruited to establish AI ‘killer bots'”. South China Morning Post. 2018-11-08. Archived from the initial on 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
^ a b “China has ended up being a clinical superpower”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on 2024-09-26. Retrieved 2024-09-27.
^ a b “Chinese AI has brand-new ethical standards that suppress Big Tech’s algorithms”. South China Morning Post. 2021-10-03. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ Wu, Wenjun; Huang, Tiejun; Gong, Ke (March 2020). “Ethical Principles and Governance Technology Development of AI in China”. Engineering. 6 (3 ): 302-309. Bibcode:2020 Engin … 6..302 W. doi:10.1016/ j.eng.2019.12.015.
^ “Translation: Cybersecurity Law of individuals’s Republic of China (Effective June 1, 2017)”. DigiChina. Archived from the original on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Horwitz, Josh (2021-08-27). “China’s coming information laws leave firms with more questions than responses”. Reuters. Archived from the initial on 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-04.
^ a b Šimalčík, Matej (2023 ). “Rule by Law”. In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.). Contemporary China: a New Superpower?. Routledge. pp. 114-127. doi:10.4324/ 9781003350064-12. ISBN 978-1-03-239508-1.
^ Zhabina, Alena (January 20, 2023). “How China’s AI is automating the legal system”. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the initial on March 29, 2024. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
^ Chen, Stephen (2022-07-13). “China’s court AI reaches into every corner of justice system: report”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the initial on 2024-03-31. Retrieved 2024-05-25. [H] umans will slowly lose free will with an increasing dependency on technology”, she stated in a paper released in the domestic peer-reviewed journal Law and Social Development on Sunday. The clever court system, built with the deep participation of China’s tech giants, would also pass excessive power into the hands of a couple of technical experts who wrote the code, established algorithms or supervised the database. “We need to be alert to the erosion of judicial power by innovation business and capital,” she added.
^ Papagianneas, Straton; Junius, Nino (November 2023). “Fairness and justice through automation in China’s smart courts”. Computer Law & Security Review. 51: 100-101. doi:10.1016/ j.clsr.2023.105897. hdl:10067/ 2001290151162165141. Archived from the initial on 2024-05-26. Retrieved 2024-05-26 – through Elsevier Science Direct.
^ Pham, Sherisse (2018 ). “Chinese AI startup dwarfs worldwide competitors with $4.5 billion evaluation”. CNN. Archived from the initial on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ “China increases tech education to become artificial intelligence leader”. NBC News. 4 January 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
^ Cao, Ann (2023-09-07). “Tencent releases Hunyuan foundation AI design for enterprises”. South China Morning Post. Archived from the initial on 2024-06-03. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
^ Olcott, Eleanor (3 May 2024). “4 start-ups lead China’s race to match OpenAI’s ChatGPT”. Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
^ a b c Zeng, Jinghan (2021-09-16). “Securitization of Expert System in China”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics. 14 (3 ): 417-445. doi:10.1093/ cjip/poab005. ISSN 1750-8916.
^ Knight, Will (October 10, 2017). “China’s AI Awakening”. MIT Technology Review. Archived from the initial on March 24, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Guest, Peter (November 29, 2024). “Inside the AI back-channel between China and the West”. The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
^ Corvino, Nick; Li, Boshen (August 23, 2024). “Survey: How Do Elite Chinese Students Feel About the Risks of AI?”. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the initial on 2024-08-24. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
^ Beraja, Martin; Kao, Andrew; Yang, David Y; Yuchtman, Noam (2023-06-23). “AI-tocracy”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 138 (3 ): 1349-1402. doi:10.1093/ qje/qjad012. ISSN 0033-5533.
^ Mozur, Paul (2019-04-14). “One Month, 500,000 Face Scans: How China Is Using A.I. to Profile a Minority”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
^ Sahin, Kaan (December 18, 2020). “The West, China, and AI surveillance”. Atlantic Council. Archived from the initial on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “Autocracy and AI Innovation”. Stanford University Center on China’s Economy and Institutions. Stanford University. July 1, 2022. Archived from the initial on February 26, 2024. Retrieved February 25, 2024.
^ “China’s AI-Tocracy Quells Protests and Boosts AI Innovation”. IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the initial on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.